General Knowledge
Beginner Level
Science and Technology
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Jun 30, 2026
About This Cheat Sheet
Hey there! Welcome to your complete guide to Science and Technology for competitive exams. I've put together everything you need to know in one place — from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology to Space Science, Defence Technology, Computer Science, Inventions, and more. Whether you're preparing for SSC, Banking, Railways, UPSC, or State PSC exams, this cheat sheet covers important scientists, ISRO missions, emerging technologies, and shortcut techniques to help you score better.
⚛️ Physics
- Motion - Newton's Laws
- Gravitation - Universal Law
- Sound - Frequency, Wavelength
- Light - Reflection, Refraction
- Electricity - Ohm's Law
- Magnetism - Electromagnetism
- Nuclear Physics - Fission, Fusion
- Thermodynamics - Heat, Work
🧪 Chemistry
- Periodic Table - 118 Elements
- Chemical Reactions - Types
- Acids & Bases - pH Scale
- Metals - Properties, Alloys
- Non-Metals - Properties
- Organic Chemistry - Carbon compounds
- Important Compounds - Water, Salt
- Chemical Names - Formula, Uses
🧬 Biology
- Human Body Systems - Digestive, Respiratory
- Cell Biology - Structure, Organelles
- Genetics - DNA, RNA, Chromosomes
- Diseases - Types, Causes
- Nutrition - Vitamins, Minerals
- Plant Biology - Photosynthesis
- Ecology - Ecosystem, Food Chain
- Evolution - Darwin's Theory
🚀 Space Science
- ISRO - Indian Space Research Org
- Chandrayaan-1 - 2008 (Moon)
- Chandrayaan-3 - 2023 (Moon Landing)
- Mangalyaan - 2014 (Mars)
- Gaganyaan - Upcoming (Human)
- Aditya-L1 - 2023 (Solar)
- PSLV - Polar Satellite Launch
- GSLV - Geosynchronous Launch
💻 Computer Science
- AI - Artificial Intelligence
- ML - Machine Learning
- Blockchain - Decentralized Ledger
- Quantum Computing - Quantum Mechanics
- IoT - Internet of Things
- 5G - High-speed Mobile
- Cybersecurity - Data Protection
- Cloud Computing - Remote Services
🔬 Inventions
- Telephone - Bell (1876)
- Light Bulb - Edison (1879)
- Aeroplane - Wright Brothers (1903)
- Steam Engine - James Watt (1769)
- Computer - Babbage (19th century)
- Penicillin - Fleming (1928)
- X-Ray - Roentgen (1895)
- Radium - Marie Curie (1898)
🚀 ISRO
First Moon Mission
Chandrayaan-1 (2008)⚛️ Physics
Newton's Laws
Motion & Gravity💻 AI
Artificial Intelligence
Future Tech🔬 DNA
Double Helix
Watson & Crick⚛️ Important Physics Laws & Theories
📚 Newton's Laws of Motion
- Scientist: Isaac Newton
- Description: Three laws describing motion
- Key Point: Force = Mass × Acceleration
- Application: Mechanics, Engineering
🌍 Law of Gravitation
- Scientist: Isaac Newton
- Description: Universal attraction between masses
- Equation: F = G(m₁m₂)/r²
- Application: Planetary motion, Tides
⚡ Conservation of Energy
- Principle: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
- Types: Kinetic, Potential, Thermal
- Law: Total energy remains constant
- Application: Thermodynamics, Mechanics
⚛️ More Physics Laws & Theories
🧠 Theory of Relativity
- Scientist: Albert Einstein
- Description: Space-time relationship
- Equation: E = mc²
- Application: GPS, Nuclear energy
⚛️ Quantum Mechanics
- Scientist: Various scientists
- Description: Subatomic behavior
- Key Point: Particle-wave duality
- Application: Electronics, Computing
🧬 DNA Structure
- Scientist: Watson & Crick (1953)
- Description: Double helix model
- Components: A, T, G, C bases
- Application: Genetics, Medicine
🚀 ISRO Important Missions
Aryabhata (1975): First Indian satellite
Chandrayaan-1 (2008): First Moon mission
Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Moon lander mission
Chandrayaan-3 (2023): Successful Moon landing (South Pole)
Mangalyaan (2014): First Mars mission (India's first)
Gaganyaan (Upcoming): Human spaceflight mission
Aditya-L1 (2023): Solar observation mission
PSLV: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (Polar orbit)
GSLV: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (Geo orbit)
🚀 Key ISRO Achievements
First Moon Mission: Chandrayaan-1 (2008) — discovered water on Moon
First Mars Mission: Mangalyaan (2014) — first Asian country to reach Mars orbit
Moon Landing: Chandrayaan-3 (2023) — first to land near Moon's South Pole
Solar Mission: Aditya-L1 (2023) — first dedicated solar mission
Human Spaceflight: Gaganyaan — planned for 2024-25
Launch Vehicles: PSLV (Polar), GSLV (Geosynchronous), SSLV (Small)
🔬 Important Inventions & Discoveries
📞 Telephone (1876)
- Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell
- Impact: Revolutionized communication
💡 Light Bulb (1879)
- Inventor: Thomas Edison
- Impact: Changed human life
✈️ Aeroplane (1903)
- Inventor: Wright Brothers
- Impact: Enabled air travel
🚂 Steam Engine (1769)
- Inventor: James Watt
- Impact: Industrial Revolution
🔬 More Inventions & Discoveries
💻 Computer
- Inventor: Charles Babbage
- Year: 19th century
- Called: Father of Computing
💊 Penicillin (1928)
- Discoverer: Alexander Fleming
- Impact: First antibiotic
- Nobel: 1945
🩻 X-Ray (1895)
- Discoverer: Wilhelm Roentgen
- Impact: Medical imaging
- Nobel: 1901
⚛️ Radium (1898)
- Discoverers: Marie & Pierre Curie
- Impact: Radioactivity research
- Nobel: 1903, 1911
💻 Emerging Technologies
🧠 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Description: Machines mimicking human intelligence
- Applications: Automation, robotics, NLP
- Examples: ChatGPT, Self-driving cars
- Key Point: AI is the future of computing
📊 Machine Learning (ML)
- Description: Algorithms that learn from data
- Applications: Predictive analytics, recommendations
- Examples: Netflix recommendations, Fraud detection
- Key Point: Data-driven decision making
🔗 Blockchain
- Description: Decentralized ledger technology
- Applications: Cryptocurrency, Supply chain
- Examples: Bitcoin, Ethereum
- Key Point: Secure, transparent transactions
💻 More Emerging Technologies
⚛️ Quantum Computing
- Description: Computing using quantum mechanics
- Applications: Complex calculations, Cryptography
- Key Point: Much faster than classical computing
- Examples: IBM Quantum, Google Quantum
📡 Internet of Things (IoT)
- Description: Connected devices and sensors
- Applications: Smart homes, Smart cities
- Examples: Smart speakers, Wearables
- Key Point: Billions of connected devices
📶 5G Technology
- Description: Fifth generation mobile network
- Applications: High-speed connectivity, IoT
- Key Point: Faster than 4G (10-100x)
- Impact: Revolutionizing communication
🔬 Scientific Instruments & Their Uses
🔬 Microscope
- Use: Viewing small objects
- Field: Biology, Medicine
- Key: Magnification
🔭 Telescope
- Use: Viewing distant objects
- Field: Astronomy
- Key: Magnification, Light
🌡️ Thermometer
- Use: Measuring temperature
- Field: Science, Medicine
- Key: Mercury, Digital
🩺 Stethoscope
- Use: Listening to heart
- Field: Medicine
- Key: Sound amplification
🔬 More Scientific Instruments
🩻 X-Ray Machine
- Use: Viewing bones
- Field: Medicine
- Key: Radiation imaging
🧠 MRI Scanner
- Use: Detailed body imaging
- Field: Medicine
- Key: Magnetic resonance
📟 CT Scanner
- Use: Cross-sectional imaging
- Field: Medicine
- Key: X-ray, Computer
🌡️ Barometer
- Use: Measuring pressure
- Field: Weather, Science
- Key: Atmospheric pressure
📚 Important Scientific Terms
🔬 Physics Terms
- Velocity: Speed with direction
- Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity
- Force: Mass × Acceleration
- Work: Force × Distance
- Power: Work ÷ Time
- Frequency: Cycles per second (Hz)
🧪 Chemistry Terms
- pH: Acidity/alkalinity scale
- Isotope: Same element, different neutrons
- Compound: Two or more elements bonded
- Mixture: Physically combined substances
- Catalyst: Speeds up reaction
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons
🧬 Biology Terms
- Photosynthesis: Plants making food
- Respiration: Energy release in cells
- DNA: Genetic material
- Chromosome: DNA structure
- Enzyme: Biological catalyst
- Hormone: Chemical messenger
🏆 Nobel Prize Winners in Science
⚛️ Physics
- Albert Einstein (1921) - Photoelectric effect
- Marie Curie (1903) - Radioactivity
- C.V. Raman (1930) - Raman Effect
- Niels Bohr (1922) - Atomic structure
- Werner Heisenberg (1932) - Quantum mechanics
🧪 Chemistry
- Marie Curie (1911) - Radium & Polonium
- Har Gobind Khorana (1968) - Genetic code
- Ernest Rutherford (1908) - Atomic structure
- Linus Pauling (1954) - Chemical bonds
- Dorothy Crowfoot (1964) - Vitamin B12
🧬 Medicine
- Alexander Fleming (1945) - Penicillin
- James Watson & Francis Crick (1962) - DNA structure
- Ronald Ross (1902) - Malaria
- Gertrude Elion (1988) - Drug development
- Barry Marshall (2005) - Ulcer bacteria
🇮🇳 Indian Scientists & Their Contributions
🔬 C.V. Raman
- Field: Physics
- Contribution: Raman Effect
- Award: Nobel Prize (1930)
- First Asian: Nobel in Physics
🚀 Vikram Sarabhai
- Field: Space Science
- Contribution: ISRO Founder
- Title: Father of Indian Space Program
- Award: Padma Vibhushan
🎯 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
- Field: Aerospace
- Contribution: Missile Man
- Title: President of India
- Award: Bharat Ratna
🎯 Science & Technology Quick Revision
The Golden Rule: Focus on key inventions, their inventors, and recent ISRO missions. Most competitive exam questions test your knowledge of who invented what and India's space achievements.
Quick Memory Tricks:
- 📌 ISRO Missions: "Chandrayaan = Moon, Mangalyaan = Mars, Gaganyaan = Human, Aditya = Sun"
- 📌 Physics Laws: "Newton = Motion/Gravity, Einstein = Relativity, Planck = Quantum"
- 📌 Inventions: "Bell = Phone, Edison = Bulb, Wright = Plane, Fleming = Penicillin"
- 📌 Indian Scientists: "Raman = Raman Effect, Sarabhai = ISRO, Kalam = Missile"
Exam Strategy:
- Step 1: Read the question — identify if it's about physics, chemistry, biology, or tech
- Step 2: Match the invention/discovery with the correct scientist
- Step 3: For ISRO, remember the mission name and its purpose
- Step 4: For emerging tech, understand the basic definition
- Step 5: Use elimination to remove wrong options
💡 Pro Tips for Science & Technology
✅ Remember Inventors & Years
Focus on matching inventions with their inventors. Bell = Telephone (1876), Edison = Bulb (1879).
✅ ISRO Mission Timeline
Chandrayaan-1 (2008), Chandrayaan-2 (2019), Chandrayaan-3 (2023), Mangalyaan (2014).
✅ Emerging Tech Definitions
AI = Human intelligence in machines, IoT = Connected devices, Blockchain = Decentralized ledger.
✅ Scientific Instruments
Microscope = Small objects, Telescope = Distant objects, Thermometer = Temperature.
✅ Important Laws
Newton's Laws = Motion, Ohm's Law = Electricity, Einstein = Relativity, Darwin = Evolution.
✅ Nobel Winners
Raman (1930 Physics), Khorana (1968 Medicine), Fleming (1945 Medicine), Einstein (1921 Physics).
🚀 Quick Reference: ISRO Missions Summary
📅 Mission
- Aryabhata
- Chandrayaan-1
- Chandrayaan-2
- Chandrayaan-3
- Mangalyaan
- Gaganyaan
- Aditya-L1
📅 Year
- 1975
- 2008
- 2019
- 2023
- 2014
- Upcoming
- 2023
🎯 Target
- Earth Orbit
- Moon
- Moon
- Moon (South Pole)
- Mars
- Human Spaceflight
- Sun
🏆 Status
- First Indian satellite
- Found water on Moon
- Orbiter successful
- ✅ Successfully landed
- ✅ First Mars mission
- In development
- ✅ Solar mission
🔬 Quick Reference: Important Inventions Summary
📞 Invention
- Telephone
- Light Bulb
- Aeroplane
- Steam Engine
- Computer
- Penicillin
- X-Ray
- Radium
👨🔬 Inventor
- Alexander Bell
- Thomas Edison
- Wright Brothers
- James Watt
- Charles Babbage
- Alexander Fleming
- Wilhelm Roentgen
- Marie Curie
📅 Year
- 1876
- 1879
- 1903
- 1769
- 19th Century
- 1928
- 1895
- 1898
🎯 Impact
- Communication
- Lighting
- Air Travel
- Industrial Revolution
- Computing
- Medicine
- Medical Imaging
- Radioactivity
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