Science and Technology
📚 Master key facts, important dates, historical events, geographical features, and scientific discoveries that are crucial for competitive exams.
Important Facts
Study MaterialImportant Facts – Science and Technology
Science and Technology Important Facts help candidates quickly revise important scientific discoveries, inventions, space missions, defense technologies, computer advancements, biotechnology, and recent technological developments for competitive examinations.
These facts are highly useful for UPSC, SSC, Banking, Railway, Defence, State PSC, Insurance, CDS, NDA, and various government examinations.
Important Scientific Organizations
| Organization | Headquarters | Related Field |
|---|---|---|
| ISRO | Bengaluru | Space Research |
| DRDO | New Delhi | Defense Technology |
| NASA | Washington D.C. | Space Research |
| ESA | Paris | European Space Research |
| BARC | Mumbai | Atomic Research |
| CSIR | New Delhi | Scientific Research |
| ICMR | New Delhi | Medical Research |
| CERN | Switzerland | Particle Physics |
ISRO Missions Important Facts
- Chandrayaan-1 → India’s first Moon mission
- Chandrayaan-3 → Successful Moon landing mission
- Mangalyaan → Mars Orbiter Mission
- Gaganyaan → India’s Human Space Mission
- ASTROSAT → India’s first space observatory
- Aditya-L1 → Solar mission by ISRO
- PSLV → Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
- GSLV Mk-III → Heavy launch vehicle
- IRNSS / NavIC → Indian Navigation System
- Sriharikota → Main ISRO launch center
NASA & International Space Missions
| Mission / Telescope | Organization |
|---|---|
| James Webb Space Telescope | NASA |
| Artemis Mission | NASA |
| Hubble Telescope | NASA |
| International Space Station | International Collaboration |
| ASTRO-H | JAXA, Japan |
| Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter | NASA |
Defense Technology Important Facts
- BrahMos → Supersonic Cruise Missile
- Akash → Surface-to-Air Missile
- Agni Series → Ballistic Missiles
- Dhanush → Naval Ballistic Missile
- Tejas → Indigenous Fighter Aircraft
- INS Arihant → Nuclear Submarine
- INS Kochi → Indigenous Destroyer Warship
- Akash Weapon System → Indian Air Defence System
- DRDO develops military technologies in India
- BrahMos speed → Mach 2.8
Computer & Information Technology Facts
| Technology | Use |
|---|---|
| Artificial Intelligence | Smart Decision Making |
| Machine Learning | Data-Based Learning |
| Quantum Computing | Advanced Computing |
| Cloud Computing | Internet-Based Storage |
| Blockchain | Secure Transactions |
| Cyber Security | Digital Protection |
| 5G Technology | High-Speed Internet |
| IoT | Connected Smart Devices |
Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
- AI stands for → Artificial Intelligence
- Robotics combines → Engineering & AI
- Machine Learning is part of → AI
- Chatbots use → Artificial Intelligence
- Self-driving cars use → AI & Sensors
- Humanoid robots imitate → Human activities
- AI widely used in → Healthcare & Banking
- Robotics important for → Space & Defense
Health & Medical Science Facts
| Development | Importance |
|---|---|
| ZikaVac | Zika Virus Vaccine |
| Mosquirix | Malaria Vaccine |
| BGR-34 | Ayurvedic Anti-Diabetic Drug |
| DNA Sequencing | Genetic Analysis |
| Artificial Liver Tissue | Medical Innovation |
| Mini Heart on Chip | Stem Cell Research |
| Nanotechnology Medicine | Advanced Drug Delivery |
Scientific Discoveries Important Facts
- Gravitational Waves detected by → LIGO
- Raman Effect discovered by → C. V. Raman
- Theory of Relativity proposed by → Albert Einstein
- Penicillin discovered by → Alexander Fleming
- DNA Structure discovered by → Watson & Crick
- Law of Gravitation proposed by → Isaac Newton
- Radioactivity research by → Marie Curie
- Periodic Table developed by → Dmitri Mendeleev
- Electron discovered by → J. J. Thomson
- Telephone invented by → Alexander Graham Bell
Important Elements & Periodic Table Facts
| Element | Atomic Number |
|---|---|
| Hydrogen | 1 |
| Helium | 2 |
| Carbon | 6 |
| Oxygen | 8 |
| Iron | 26 |
| Silver | 47 |
| Gold | 79 |
| Uranium | 92 |
Environmental Science & Energy Facts
- Solar Energy → Renewable Energy Source
- Wind Energy → Clean Energy Source
- Hydrogen Fuel → Green Energy
- Biogas produced from → Organic Waste
- Ozone Layer protects Earth from → UV Rays
- Global Warming caused by → Greenhouse Gases
- CNG is cleaner than → Petrol & Diesel
- Electric Vehicles reduce → Air Pollution
Research & Discovery Facts
- Liquid Water discovered on → Mars
- Blue Whales spotted near → Maharashtra Coast
- World’s driest place → Atacama Desert, Chile
- New fish species discovered in → Kerala & Karnataka
- Warm-blooded fish species → Opah
- Snow Leopard spotted in → North Sikkim
- Yeti Crab discovered in → Antarctica
- New frog species discovered in → Northeast India
Most Important Abbreviations
- ISRO → Indian Space Research Organisation
- NASA → National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- DRDO → Defence Research and Development Organisation
- AI → Artificial Intelligence
- IoT → Internet of Things
- DNA → Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- PSLV → Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
- GSLV → Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
- LIGO → Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
- CERN → European Organization for Nuclear Research
Most Important Topics Asked in Exams
- ISRO Missions & Satellites
- Defense Missiles
- Artificial Intelligence
- Vaccines & Biotechnology
- Scientific Discoveries
- Computer Technology
- Environmental Science
- Periodic Table Facts
- Space Research
- Recent Innovations
Quick Revision Framework
Learn Scientific Concepts
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Remember Missions & Discoveries
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Study Technologies & Inventions
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Revise Organizations & Abbreviations
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Practice MCQs Daily
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Boost GK Preparation
Final Takeaway
Science and Technology Important Facts cover important scientific organizations, inventions, discoveries, modern technologies, defense systems, medical developments, and space missions frequently asked in competitive examinations.
Regular revision of science and technology facts improves General Knowledge, Current Affairs awareness, and competitive examination performance significantly.