Indian Economy

The bulk of the Central Government’s subsidies arise on the provision of economic services, which account for 88% of the total subsidies (10% on merit services and 78% on non-merit).

Expenditures in the nature of consumption such as Defence, interest payments, expenditure on law and order, public administration, do not create any productive asset which can bring income or returns to the government are non-development expenditure.

Thus, infrastructure development is not part of non-Development expenditure.

In financial markets, 'hot money' is the flow of funds (or capital) from one country to another in order to earn a short-term profit on interest rate differences and/or anticipated exchange rate shifts.

These speculative capital flows are called 'hot money' because they can move very quickly in and out of markets, potentially leading to market instability.

The Reserve Bank of India is India's Central Banking Institution, which controls the Monetary Policy of the Indian Rupee.

It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 during the British Rule in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.

The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders.

Following India's independence on 15 - August - 1947, the RBI was nationalised in the year of 1 January 1949.

Gilt-edged securities are bonds issued by certain national governments. The term is of British origin, and originally referred to the debt securities issued by the Bank of England, whose paper certificates had a gilt (or gilded) edge.

Hence, they are known as gilt-edged securities, or gilts for short.

Today the term is used in the United Kingdom as well as some Commonwealth nations, such as South Africa and India.

Typically, these are issued by blue chip companies that dependably meet dividend or interest payments because they are well-established and financially stable.

However, when reference is made to "gilts", what is generally meant is UK gilts, unless otherwise specified.

The originator of this theory was Paul Rosenstein-Rodan in 1943.

The big push model is a concept in development economics or welfare economics that emphasizes that a firm's decision whether to industrialize or not depends on its expectation of what other firms will do.

It assumes economies of scale and oligopolistic market structure and explains when industrialization would happen.

The National Development Council (NDC) or the Rashtriya Vikas Parishad is the apex body for decision making and deliberations on development matters in India, presided over by the Prime Minister.

It was set up on 6 August 1952 to strengthen and mobilize the effort and resources of the nation in support of the Plan, to promote common economic policies in all vital spheres, and to ensure the balanced and rapid development of all parts of the country.

Debenture holders have no rights to vote in the company's general meetings of shareholders, but they may have separate meetings or votes e.g. on changes to the rights attached to the debentures.

The interest paid to them is a charge against profit in the company's financial statements.

The community development programme was launched on a pilot basis in1952 to provide for a substantial increase in the country’s agricultural programme, and for improvements in systems of communication, in rural health and hygiene, and in rural education.

The aim was to initiate and direct a process of integrated culture change aimed at transforming the social and economic life of villagers.

The Ninth Five Year Plan ushers in a new era of growth with social justice and participation in which not only the Governments at the Centre and the States, but the people at large, particularly the poor, become effective instruments of a participatory planning process.

Thus, its focus is "Growth with Social Justice and Equity".

It recognizes the integral link between rapid economic growth and the quality of life of the mass of the people.