Science and Technology
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Science and Technology – Quick Revision
Science and Technology is a crucial section in General Knowledge for almost all competitive examinations including SSC, Banking, Railway, UPSC, Defence, Insurance, CAT, State PSC, and other government exams.
This quick revision guide covers important facts about Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Space Science, Defence Technology, Computer Science, Scientific Instruments, Inventions, and Emerging Technologies. It is designed for last-minute revision and quick recall of science and technology facts.
About This Quick Revision
Complete guide to Science and Technology for competitive exams:
Physics
- Motion, Force, Energy
- Gravitation, Sound, Light
- Electricity & Magnetism
- Important Laws & Theories
Chemistry
- Periodic Table
- Chemical Reactions
- Acids, Bases, Salts
- Metals & Non-Metals
Biology
- Human Body Systems
- Cell Biology
- Genetics & DNA
- Diseases & Nutrition
Space Science
- ISRO Missions
- Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan
- Gaganyaan, Aditya-L1
- Satellites & Launchers
Defence Technology
- DRDO Missions
- Missiles (Agni, Prithvi)
- Indigenous Systems
- Defence Innovations
Computer Science
- AI & Machine Learning
- Blockchain & Quantum
- IoT & 5G Technology
- Cybersecurity
Scientific Instruments
- Microscope, Telescope
- Barometer, Thermometer
- Gravimeter, Seismograph
- Laser, Spectrometer
Inventions & Discoveries
- Important Inventions
- Scientists & Discoveries
- Emerging Technologies
- Scientific Laws
Key Topics Covered
This quick revision guide covers important Science and Technology topics for competitive exams:
| Category | Topic | Key Facts |
|---|---|---|
| Physics | Newton's Laws, Relativity, Quantum Mechanics | Newton's 3 laws, E=mc², Quantum theory |
| Chemistry | Periodic Table, Chemical Reactions, Acids & Bases | 118 elements, pH scale, Atomic theory |
| Biology | Human Body, Cell Biology, Genetics, DNA | DNA double helix, Cell theory, Evolution |
| Space Science | ISRO, Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan, Gaganyaan | Chandrayaan-3 (2023), Mars Orbiter Mission (2014) |
| Defence Technology | DRDO, Missiles, Indigenous Systems | Agni, Prithvi, BrahMos; DRDO founded 1958 |
| Computer Science | AI, ML, Blockchain, IoT, 5G | AI (1956), Blockchain (2008), 5G (2019) |
| Scientific Instruments | Microscope, Telescope, Barometer | Use and purpose of scientific instruments |
| Inventions | Telephone, Light Bulb, Penicillin | Bell (1876), Edison (1879), Fleming (1928) |
Quick Comparison Table: Space Missions
India's Major Space Missions
| Mission | Year | Destination | Status | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aryabhata | 1975 | Earth Orbit | Completed | First Indian satellite |
| Chandrayaan-1 | 2008 | Moon | Completed | First Moon mission; discovered water |
| Mangalyaan | 2014 | Mars | Completed | First Asian country to reach Mars orbit |
| Chandrayaan-2 | 2019 | Moon | Orbiter success | Lander Vikram lost contact |
| Chandrayaan-3 | 2023 | Moon | Successful | Landing on Moon's south pole |
| Aditya-L1 | 2023 | Sun | Operational | First Sun observatory mission |
| Gaganyaan | Upcoming | Earth Orbit | Planned | India's first human spaceflight |
📱 Scroll horizontally on mobile devices to view full table
Quick Comparison Table: Emerging Technologies
Emerging Technologies at a Glance
| Technology | Year of Origin | Key Application | Future Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI (Artificial Intelligence) | 1956 | Automation, Robotics | High - Transform all industries |
| Machine Learning (ML) | 1980s | Predictive analytics | High - Data-driven decisions |
| Blockchain | 2008 | Cryptocurrency, Security | High - Decentralized systems |
| Quantum Computing | 1980s | Complex calculations | Very High - Breakthrough computing |
| IoT | 1999 | Smart homes, cities | High - Connected everything |
| 5G Technology | 2019 | High-speed connectivity | High - Ultra-fast networks |
| Cybersecurity | 1970s | Data protection | Critical - Digital security |
📱 Scroll horizontally on mobile devices to view full table
Important Facts at a Glance
🔬 Physics Facts
Speed of Light: 3×10⁸ m/s | E=mc² | Newton's F=ma | Gravitational constant (G) = 6.67×10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²
🧪 Chemistry Facts
Atomic Number (Z) = Protons | Mass Number (A) = Protons + Neutrons | pH Scale: 0-14 | Valency = Combining capacity
🧬 Biology Facts
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid | Cell = Basic unit of life | Human DNA = 23 pairs of chromosomes | Blood = 7-8% of body weight
🚀 Space Facts
ISRO founded: 1969 | First satellite: Aryabhata (1975) | Chandrayaan-3: Moon's south pole | Mangalyaan: First Asian Mars mission
Why This Quick Revision is Important
Complete Science Coverage
Covers Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Space Science, and Technology in one guide.
ISRO & DRDO Focus
Essential facts about India's space missions and defence technology programs.
Emerging Technologies
Quick reference to AI, ML, Blockchain, Quantum Computing, IoT, and 5G.
High Exam Weightage
Science and Technology questions appear frequently in all competitive examinations.
Competitive Exams Covered
- SSC CGL
- SSC CHSL
- SSC MTS
- Bank PO & Clerk
- IBPS Exams
- Railway Recruitment Exams
- UPSC CSAT
- Defence Exams
- Insurance Exams
- CAT
- State Government Exams
Quick Revision Examples
Question 1:
What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
Answer: 3 × 10⁸ meters per second
Key Fact: The speed of light is approximately 3 × 10⁸ m/s (about 300,000 km/s). It is the fastest speed in the universe and is denoted by the letter 'c' in physics equations like E=mc².
Question 2:
What are Newton's three laws of motion?
Answer: 1) Inertia (Law of Inertia) 2) F = ma 3) Action-Reaction
Key Fact: Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon. Second Law: Force = Mass × Acceleration. Third Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Question 3:
What does DNA stand for and who discovered its structure?
Answer: Deoxyribonucleic Acid – Discovered by Watson and Crick (1953)
Key Fact: DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.
Question 4:
When was ISRO founded and who is known as the father of the Indian space program?
Answer: ISRO founded in 1969 – Vikram Sarabhai is the father
Key Fact: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was founded on August 15, 1969. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is considered the father of the Indian space program.
Question 5:
When was Chandrayaan-3 launched and what was its achievement?
Answer: Launched: July 14, 2023; Successfully landed on Moon's south pole
Key Fact: Chandrayaan-3 was launched by ISRO and successfully landed on the Moon on August 23, 2023. India became the 4th country to land on the Moon and the first to land near the south pole.
Question 6:
What is the name of India's Mars mission and when was it launched?
Answer: Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission) – Launched November 5, 2013
Key Fact: India successfully placed a spacecraft in Mars orbit in 2014. India became the first Asian country and the fourth in the world to reach Mars orbit.
Question 7:
Who invented the telephone and in which year?
Answer: Alexander Graham Bell – 1876
Key Fact: Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone on March 7, 1876. It was one of the most important inventions of the 19th century.
Question 8:
Who discovered penicillin and in which year?
Answer: Alexander Fleming – 1928
Key Fact: Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the world's first antibiotic, in 1928. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945.
Question 9:
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) and when did it originate?
Answer: AI is machines mimicking human intelligence – Originated in 1956
Key Fact: Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence in machines. The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956.
Question 10:
What does DRDO stand for and when was it established?
Answer: Defence Research and Development Organisation – Established in 1958
Key Fact: DRDO is India's defence research organization, responsible for developing missiles like Agni, Prithvi, and BrahMos. It was established in 1958.
Question 11:
What is Blockchain technology and when was it introduced?
Answer: Blockchain is a decentralized ledger technology – Introduced in 2008
Key Fact: Blockchain was introduced in 2008 by an anonymous person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto. It is the underlying technology behind Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.
Final Takeaway
Science and Technology is a vital section in all competitive exams. Regular revision of key facts about Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Space Science, Defence Technology, Computer Science, and Inventions can significantly improve your score.
This quick revision guide serves as a comprehensive resource for last-minute preparation. Focus on remembering important scientific facts, ISRO missions, inventions, and emerging technologies presented in tables for quick recall during exams.
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Everything You Need for Science and Technology Revision
Explore Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Space Science, Defence Technology, Computer Science, Scientific Instruments, Inventions, and Emerging Technologies in one place for quick and effective revision.
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